Ashton wrote after World War II, “but by those who, seeking no doubt their own narrow ends, devised new instruments of production. “England was delivered, not by her rulers,” historian Thomas S. Most important, England’s population was increasing rapidly, and without the Industrial Revolution, millions would have starved, as happened in rural Ireland during the 1840s. This made possible improved sanitation, since people could wear one set of clothing while they washed the other set. Entrepreneurs produced not luxuries for the rich but cheap cotton clothing for the multitudes. Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution gained momentum with the development of English textile mills. Agricultural output went up, helping to banish famines. They drained marshes, grew more crops, built walls and erected buildings including houses for laborers who worked on their property. But once land was enclosed, owners had incentives to improve it, because they would benefit. In other cases, common property was enclosed by act of Parliament, and the affected local people were often angry. In many cases, local people received cash settlements. Then in England during the 1700s, higher grain prices led property owners to begin enclosing common property. In many places, local people used common property for grazing, but they didn’t have any incentive to improve common property, since somebody else would gain at least part of the benefit.
“Markets,” Braudel declared, “endlessly worked on economies, stirring them up, bringing them to life.” Historian Will Durant added that “Trade was the great disturber of the primitive world.” Markets, cities and civilization arose along trade routes where it was convenient for people to gather, such as on rivers or a coast. In markets, functioning without subsidies, special favors or bailouts, entrepreneurs have had powerful incentives to provide what consumers want. Famine undermined the ability of people to resist common deadly diseases like typhoid fever, purple fever, whooping cough, sweating sickness, diphtheria, smallpox, influenza, syphilis and the plague.Ĭapitalism, as economic freedom is often called, has changed the world for the better by harnessing individual self-interest - the most reliable motivator there is. Multitudes perished because of famines – France alone had hundreds of famines before 1800. In India, there were hardly any chairs or tables to be found. The great French historian Fernand Braudel observed, “Peasants represented immense numbers of people, the vast majority of human beings…constant poverty…For century upon century, clothing remained unchanged…the general rule was changelessness.” In Europe, peasant possessions were generally limited to little more than a shirt, a pair of pants, perhaps a simple jacket, a bench, a table and a straw‑filled sack that served as a mattress. This is a bit of a mystery, since the case for capitalism is overwhelming.įor thousands of years, there was virtually no such thing as human progress. President Obama is on the warpath, attacking capitalism, but Republican candidates haven’t offered much of a counter-attack. 54 Purchasing Technology from other corporations. 14 Step 2: Setting Up the Multi-player Game.
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